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Nicolás Guillén
Nicolás Cristóbal Guillén Batista (10 July 1902 – 16 July 1989) was a Cuban poet, journalist, political activist, and writer. He is best remembered as the national poet of Cuba.〔(Associated Press, "Nicolas Guillen, 87, National Poet of Cuba" ), ''The New York Times'', 18 July 1989: A19.〕
Born in Camagüey, he studied law at the University of Havana, but abandoned a legal career and worked as a typographer and journalist. His poetry was published in various magazines from the early 1920s; his first collection, ''Motivos de son'' (1930) was strongly influenced by his meeting that year with the African-American poet, Langston Hughes. He drew from ''son'' music in his poetry. ''West Indies, Ltd.'', published in 1934, was Guillén's first collection with political implications.〔("Nicolás Guillén 1902–1989" ), ''Enotes.com''. ''Poetry Criticism''. Retrieved 9 March 2009.〕 Cuba's dictatorial Gerardo Machado regime was overthrown in 1933, but political repression intensified. After being jailed in 1936, Guillén joined the Communist Party the next year,〔 traveling to Spain for a Congress of Writers and Artists, and covering the Spanish Civil War as a magazine reporter.〔
After returning to Cuba, he stood as a Communist in the local elections of 1940. This caused him to be refused a visa to enter the United States the following year, but he traveled widely during the next decades in South America, China and Europe. In 1953, after being in Chile, he was refused re-entry to Cuba and spent five years in exile. He returned after the successful Cuban revolution of 1959. From 1961 he served more than 25 years as president of the ''Unión Nacional de Escritores de Cuba,'' the National Cuban Writers' Union.〔 His awards included the Stalin Peace Prize in 1954, the 1976 International Botev Prize, and in 1983 he was the inaugural winner of Cuba's National Prize for Literature.
==Early life==
Nicolás Guillén Batista was born July 10, 1902, in Camagüey, Cuba, the eldest of six children (three boys and three girls) of Argelia Batista y Arrieta and Nicolás Guillén y Urra, both of whom were of mixed-race, African-European descent.〔 His father had fought for independence as a lieutenant. When his first son Nicolás was born, the father worked as a journalist for one of the new local papers.〔 He introduced his son to Afro-Cuban music when he was very young. Guillén y Urra belonged to the ''Partido Libertad'' and founded the daily newspaper, ''La Libertad,'' to express its views. Government forces assassinated Guillén's father for protesting against electoral fraud and destroyed his printing press, where Nicolás and a brother were already working.〔 Argelia and her children struggled financially. Nicolás and his siblings encountered discriminatory racism in Cuba similar to that suffered by Black Americans in the Southern United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/afro-cuba-national-poet-nicolas-guillen )〕
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